課程內(nèi)容
高中英語(yǔ)復(fù)習(xí)課《偉大的科學(xué)家 Unit 1 Great scientists》（必修5）
A summary of the story
John Snow wanted to find the cause of the cholera.He behaved that people became ill after eating infected food.He used the next outbreak of cholera to test his idea.He studied a small area of honses which got their water from the same pump.Many people in the area died.John Snow showed that this was because the water in the pump was infected.He showed that cholera chould be detected if people drank clean water.
Analysis of the reading passage:
There are two chies to understand this reading passage.First,the reading passage is written as stage in an experiment.Second,it introduces us a story about how John Snow discovers and controls the disease cholers!So we must understand both the scientific methods and the plot of the story.
The plot of the story
Event 1. An outbreak of cholera hit London in1854.
Event 2.John Snow began to test two theories.
Event 3.John Snow investigated two streets where the outbreak was very severe.
Event 4.John Snow marked the deaths on a map.
Event 5.He found that most of the deaths were near a water pump.
Event 6.He had the handle removed from the water pump.
Event 7.He announced that the water carried the disease.
Event 8.King Cholera was defeated.
Words expressions structures
1.But he became inspired when he thought about helping ordinary people exposed to cholera.
但當(dāng)他一想到要幫助那些得了霍亂的普通老百姓時(shí)，他就趕到很振奮。
exposed to 是過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，修飾ordinary people.which are exposed to....
Mr.White showed her students some old maps(C)from the library.
A .to borrow     B to be borrowed   C borrowed   D borrowing
句意：懷特夫人把從圖書(shū)館借來(lái)的幾張舊地圖展示給學(xué)生們看?？疾榉侵^語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞the map和borrow之間是邏輯上的被動(dòng)關(guān)系，而且表示已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，因此用過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)。
expose:
2.Neither its cause nor its cure was understand.So many thousands of terrified people died every time there was an outbreak.
人們既不知道它的病源，也不了解它的治療方法，所以每次爆發(fā)霍亂的時(shí)候，就有大批驚恐的百姓病死。
(1)neither...nor...既不...也不...，連接兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)要遵循就近原則。
相近的結(jié)構(gòu)還有or,either...or...,not only....but also...
(2)cure vt.n.治愈；治療（同義詞heal)
(a) cure sb of sth   治療...
這種藥應(yīng)該能治愈你的感冒
The machine should cure you of your cold.
(b)cure for+n.
治療這種疾病的特效藥還沒(méi)有被發(fā)現(xiàn)。
A certain cure for this illness is not found vet.
(3)every time,each time ,the first time,the last time 等特殊的名詞或副詞短語(yǔ)有時(shí)可以起到連詞作用，用來(lái)引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。另外the moment,the minute,the second,immediately,instantly等可以引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，意為“一....就...”
3.The second suggested that people absorbed this disease into their bodies with their meals.From the stomach the disease quickly attacked the body and soon the affected person died.第二種看法是吃飯的時(shí)候人們把這種病毒引入體內(nèi)，病從胃里發(fā)作而迅速殃及全身，患者就會(huì)很快死去。
(1)句中suggest的意思是“暗示，（間接）表明”，要用陳述語(yǔ)氣。當(dāng)“建議”講時(shí)，其后的賓語(yǔ)從句常用suggest that sb (should)+do類(lèi)型的虛擬語(yǔ)氣。
(3)affected person 意為“被感染的了”affected 在句中作定語(yǔ)，表示被動(dòng)含義。
effect  n.影響，效果
【觀察】閱讀下列句子，觀察absorb在句中的用法。
 1.Cotton golves absorb sweat and black cloth absorbs light.
vt. 吸收（液體、氣體、光、熱等）
2.Clever children absorb knowledge easily.
vt. 汲取、理解、掌握知識(shí)
3.This work had absorbed him for weveral years.
vt 吸引（注意力、精力等）
4.The boy was absorbed in the book and paid no attention to what was going on around him.
用于be absorbed in 集中注意力，全神貫注于...
4.It seemed that the water was to blame.
看來(lái)霍亂的流行要?dú)w罪與飲用水了。
blame v.責(zé)備；譴責(zé)；把...歸咎于   n.過(guò)失，責(zé)備
常用結(jié)構(gòu)：
blame ab./sth. for sth.  因...責(zé)備...
blame sth on sb./sth.   把...歸咎于...
be to blame (for sth)    應(yīng)（為...）承擔(dān)責(zé)任；該（為....）受責(zé)備（主動(dòng)表被動(dòng))
bear/take the blame   承擔(dān)責(zé)任
put/lay the blame on   怪在...身上
警察把那起交通事故歸咎于他的粗心駕駛。
The police blamed the traffic accident on his careless driving.
(B)for the breakdown of the school computer netbook,Alice was in low spirits.
A Blaming   B Blamed   C To blame   D To be blamed
句意：由于被指責(zé)要對(duì)學(xué)校的計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)故障負(fù)責(zé)，愛(ài)麗絲情緒很低落。Blame:sb/sth is responsible for sth bad把...歸咎于。題中主語(yǔ)與blame之間構(gòu)成被動(dòng)關(guān)系。
5.A woman,who had moved away from Broad.Street,liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to hei house every day.有一位婦女是從寬街搬來(lái)的，她特別喜歡那里的水，每天都派人從水泵打水運(yùn)到這里來(lái)。
have+賓語(yǔ)+done  讓賓語(yǔ)被做，遭遇
have+賓語(yǔ)+do  讓賓語(yǔ)去做
have+賓語(yǔ)+doing 讓賓語(yǔ)一直做
Jenny hopes that Mr.Smith will suggest a good way to have her written English(A) in a short period.
A inproved   B improving   C to improve   D improve
賓語(yǔ)和賓補(bǔ)之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系
過(guò)去分詞的定義
過(guò)去分詞只有一種形式?jīng)]有主動(dòng)與被動(dòng)，“體”式（一般式；進(jìn)行式；完成式）的變化：規(guī)則動(dòng)詞由動(dòng)詞原形加詞尾- ed構(gòu)成；不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞沒(méi)有統(tǒng)一的規(guī)則要求，要一一記住。
理解過(guò)去分詞概念上的兩層含義
過(guò)去分詞表示被動(dòng)含義和完成含義
1.及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分析與句子的主語(yǔ)時(shí)被動(dòng)關(guān)系表示主語(yǔ)的狀態(tài)，不但表示被動(dòng)還表示已經(jīng)完成了。
The cup is broken.茶杯破了
a damaged bridae   一座被毀壞的橋
2.不及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞與句子的主語(yǔ)時(shí)主動(dòng)關(guān)系表示主語(yǔ)的狀態(tài)，只表示動(dòng)作的完成
He is retired.他已退休 fallen leaves  落葉
過(guò)去分詞功能概述
1.構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)
a 和have-道構(gòu)成完成時(shí)態(tài)
I haven't been out much recently.
b.和be-道構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)
The children were well looked after.
2.形容詞、副詞化
作表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)；作賓補(bǔ)構(gòu)成符合賓語(yǔ)：作狀語(yǔ)
過(guò)去分詞的形容詞化
所謂過(guò)去分詞形容詞化，就是說(shuō)過(guò)去分詞具有了形容詞的性質(zhì)，那么過(guò)去分詞就能夠在句子中充當(dāng)定語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)。
一、過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，常指已完成的動(dòng)作且與所修飾詞之間被動(dòng)關(guān)系。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，如果是單個(gè)的過(guò)去分詞，則放在所修飾詞錢(qián)，若是一個(gè)過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)，則放在所修飾詞后。
二、過(guò)去分詞作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，往往表示一種狀態(tài)，而被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)則表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作。
過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)
過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)，一般表示分詞的動(dòng)作與被修飾的詞之間存在著邏輯的被動(dòng)關(guān)系，且表示該動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成。如：
Most of the artists invated to the party were from South Africa.
The computer center opened last year is very popular among the students.
單詞過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)，通常置于被修飾詞的前面，而過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)，則需置于被修飾詞之后。如：
The injured workers are now being taken good care of in the hospital.
The workers injured in the accident are now being taken goos care of in the hospital.
過(guò)去分詞作表語(yǔ)
過(guò)去分詞作表語(yǔ)與位于動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)，表示主語(yǔ)的性質(zhì)，特征和狀態(tài)。如：
She was dressed in her finest skirt at the party that night.
The hill is covered with red flowers and green grass.
過(guò)去分詞作表語(yǔ)時(shí)不要與被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)混為一談：前者表示主語(yǔ)的特點(diǎn)或所處的狀態(tài)，其中的過(guò)去分詞相當(dāng)于形容詞，而被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)則強(qiáng)調(diào)主語(yǔ)所承受的動(dòng)作。試比較：
Your composition is well written expect for some spelling mistakes.(系表結(jié)構(gòu)）
The composition was written by a senior student of Grade Three(被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)）
summary
通過(guò)本節(jié)課，我們共同學(xué)復(fù)習(xí)了第一單元的課文和語(yǔ)法，在理解過(guò)去分詞由于具有了形容詞的性質(zhì)，其在句子中就能夠作定語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)這一特質(zhì)的同時(shí)，我們時(shí)刻要注意，過(guò)去分詞屬于非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一類(lèi)，仍然表示被動(dòng)或完成的含義，這是理解其意義和用法的關(guān)鍵。